DREIESKIVA​|Roald Kvam

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, published in 1776, is one of the most influential political pamphlets in history. It played a crucial role in persuading American colonists to support independence from Britain. Writing in clear, direct language, Paine appealed to the common people, arguing that monarchy was an unjust and illogical system, and that America had both the right and the capacity to govern itself. The pamphlet is divided into several key sections, each outlining a different argument for independence.

Let’s explore…

1. Introduction: The purpose of the pamphlet

Paine begins by explaining the necessity of discussing the topic of independence openly and rationally. He states that while many are hesitant to break away from Britain, the time has come for bold action. He emphasizes that the purpose of government is to protect the life, liberty, and property of individuals, and any system that fails to do so must be questioned.

Paine also criticizes those who are undecided or fearful of revolution, urging them to consider the broader implications of continued British rule. He insists that America’s relationship with Britain is one of subjugation, not mutual benefit, and that delaying the decision to seek independence will only result in further suffering and oppression.

2. The origins and purpose of government

Paine distinguishes between society and government, asserting that society is a natural construct that brings people together for mutual benefit, while government exists primarily as a necessary evil, meant to regulate and protect. He argues that the best government is one that governs least and only exists to secure the welfare of its people.

In this section, he critiques the British monarchy and parliamentary system. He asserts that hereditary rule is inherently flawed, as it allows incompetent or corrupt individuals to assume power simply by birthright rather than merit. Furthermore, he argues that the British system of governance is too complex and riddled with contradictions, making it incapable of adequately serving its people.

3. Critique of monarchy and hereditary succession

Paine launches a scathing attack on monarchy, calling it an institution rooted in arrogance and oppression. He traces the origins of monarchy to the earliest tyrants who seized power through force and deception, arguing that hereditary rule has no moral justification. He cites biblical references, particularly from the Old Testament, to show that even in religious terms, monarchy is an unnatural form of government.

He points out that the British monarchy is especially problematic because it is not only hereditary but also intertwined with a corrupt and ineffective parliamentary system. He contends that the idea of a divinely ordained king is absurd and that rulers should be chosen by the people based on their ability to govern justly and wisely.

4. The case for American independence

Having dismantled the legitimacy of monarchy, Paine turns to the question of American independence. He argues that there is no reasonable justification for America to remain tied to Britain, especially considering the history of exploitation, taxation without representation, and military aggression. He refutes the argument that Britain has protected the colonies, stating that its primary interest has always been its own economic and political gain.

Paine makes a strong economic argument for independence, noting that America has sufficient resources to sustain itself without relying on Britain. He emphasizes that America’s vast land, natural resources, and trade potential make it capable of thriving as an independent nation. Furthermore, he points out that remaining under British rule exposes America to unnecessary conflicts with other European nations.

5. The urgency of the moment

Paine warns that delaying independence will only worsen the situation. He argues that reconciliation with Britain is both impossible and undesirable, as it would subject America to continued exploitation and tyranny. He invokes the suffering of the colonists and the injustices they have endured under British rule, urging immediate and decisive action.

He also stresses the need for unity among the colonies, arguing that they must come together as one nation rather than remain divided. He proposes a democratic form of government that represents the will of the people and ensures their rights and freedoms.

6. A vision for the future of America

Paine outlines his vision for an independent America, built on democratic principles. He suggests the creation of a representative government in which leaders are elected based on merit rather than birthright. He emphasizes the importance of a constitution that guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms for all citizens.

He also discusses America’s potential as a global economic power, free to trade with any nation rather than being restricted by British interests. He envisions a society in which individuals are free to pursue their own aspirations without interference from a distant and indifferent monarchy.

7. Conclusion: A call to action

Paine closes Common Sense with a powerful call to action, urging colonists to embrace independence and break free from British rule. He appeals to their sense of justice, self-respect, and responsibility to future generations. He reminds them that history will judge their actions, and that they have a unique opportunity to establish a new and just society.

He acknowledges that the struggle for independence will be difficult, but insists that the rewards—freedom, self-governance, and prosperity—are worth the sacrifice. He encourages all Americans to join the revolutionary cause, arguing that the fight for independence is not just political but also a moral imperative.

The impact of Common Sense

Paine’s Common Sense was a game-changer in the American Revolution. It sold hundreds of thousands of copies within months, reaching an unprecedented audience. His clear, forceful language made complex political ideas accessible to ordinary people, rallying widespread support for independence. The pamphlet directly influenced the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and shaped the ideological foundation of the United States.

Paine’s work remains relevant today as a powerful argument for democracy, self-determination, and resistance against tyranny. His belief in the power of ordinary people to shape their own destiny continues to inspire movements for freedom and justice around the world.

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Thomas Paine’s Common Sense is a landmark text in political philosophy and revolutionary thought. It effectively dismantles the legitimacy of monarchy, argues persuasively for American independence, and lays the groundwork for a democratic society based on the principles of freedom and equality. His writing is not only a call for revolution but a broader appeal for rational governance and human dignity. More than two centuries later, his words continue to resonate, reminding us of the enduring power of common sense in the fight for liberty.